A
(2020·阜阳模拟)
Darwin noted that some human emotional expressions might have started as part of a physiological function: for example, exposing the teeth to bite food. The function, however, took on meaning and became a form of communication which signals anger.
The same may be true for the animals. Baby monkeys cry for attention. They also cry to signal to an adult that they want to be carried.
“Chimpanzees do make upset voice when they are being weaned (断奶) by their mothers or have lost their mothers or another individual, ” says Anne Pusey, a professor at the University of Minnesota. “They whimper (呜咽) and cry and scream. When we hear these calls, the emotion involved seems obvious. However, they do not weep in the sense of producing tears. I have seen an adolescent male whimpering when he lost sight of his older brother with whom he had been traveling. ”
Babies of many mammalian species, including rats, cry. Moreover, when a baby rat cries, often his mother brings the fallen pup back into the nest. This is probably a straightforward communication, as it is with humans. However, psychologists at the University of Iowa aren’t convinced.
The Iowan researchers can cause the same crying sounds by producing large decreases and then increases in blood flow. The blood flow also goes down when baby rats get cold. Thus, they conclude baby rats cry in the same way that we sneeze. Of course the rat baby could be crying because he’s cold and wants his mother to know.
“All young mammals make cries when separated from their mother, ” says Jaak Panksepp, a psychologist at Bowling Green State University. “If you’re willing to call this crying, then certainly other animals show this emotional response. ” he says, “Some of us take seriously that animals do have emotions. ”
【文章大意】达尔文说过, 最初人类的身体反应可能成为情绪表达的方式。动物也是如此。本文列举了一些动物的“哭”的行为表达了它们的情绪。
1. According to the first paragraph, what kind of emotion does “exposing the teeth” express?
A. Disappointment. B. Excitement.
C. Anger. D. Happiness.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第一段“一开始这一行为是吃的功能, 到后来有了它的含义, 表达的是愤怒的交流方式”, 故选C项。
2. Which is one probable reason why young chimpanzees might be crying?
A. They meet their brother.
B. They have nothing to eat.
C. They are being breast-fed.
D. They are parted from their mothers.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第三段中的第一句Chimpanzees do make upset voice when they are being weaned by their mothers or have lost their mothers or another individual, 可知要给它们断奶或失去妈妈时, 它们的确发出不安的声音。故选D项。
3. Under what circumstance will baby rats cry just like humans’ sneeze?
A. Their blood flow is decreased.
B. They feel cold and long for affection.
C. Their blood flow is increased.
D. Their mother brings them back home.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的最后两句话可知, baby rats之所以哭是因为它们冷了, 想要妈妈知道。故选B项。
4. Where is the passage most likely taken from?
A. An animal journal. B. A physiology book.
C. A health magazine D. A cultural newspaper.
【解析】选A。文章出处题。人类的身体反应可能成为情绪表达的方式。动物也是如此。列举了一些动物的“哭”的行为表达了它们的情绪。故选A项。
【知识拓展】长难句分析
Thus, they conclude baby rats cry in the same way that we sneeze.
分析: conclude后引导一个宾语从句, 在宾语从句中that引导定语从句修饰先行词way。
翻译: 因此, 他们得出结论: 老鼠宝宝哭的方式和我们打喷嚏的方式一样。
